Proportionality of legal discrimination

Access to Justice for Discrimination Complainants: Courts and Legal Representation

In the terms of Marc Galanter’s classic article, ‘Why the “Haves” Come Out Ahead’,1 people making complaints of discrimination are typically ‘one shotters’ who have little or no prior contact with the legal system and who are deeply invested – both emotionally and financially – in the outcome of their case. They tend to have limited financial resources, may be members of ethnic minorities with ...

Wellness programs and lifestyle discrimination--the legal limits.

“Personal responsibility” has become a recurrent theme in debates about health care financing.1 In addition to asking consumers to make betterinformed choices in seeking care, many payers are focusing on individual health behaviors as drivers of health spending. In a recent national poll, 91% of employers believed that they could reduce their health care costs by influencing employees to adopt ...

Discrimination in Evictions: Empirical Evidence and Legal Challenges*

Tens of thousands of housing discrimination complaints are filed each year. Although there has been extensive study of discrimination in the rental market, discrimination in evictions has been largely overlooked. This is because determining whether discrimination exists in evictions presents several challenges. Not only do landlords typically have a non-discriminatory reason for evictions (e.g....

Mathematical aspects of degressive proportionality

We analyze mathematical properties of apportionment functions in the context of allocating seats in the European Parliament. Some exemplary families of such functions are specified and the corresponding allocations of seats among the Member States of the European Union are presented. We show that the constitutional constraints for the apportionment are so strong that the admissible functions le...

Privacy and Proportionality